which he named iridium and osmium， and how it is sourced commercially. Uses and properties Uses and properties Image explanation The image suggests the use of the element in making high-quality pen nibs. Appearance A shiny， 2015， animals and plants. Natural abundance Where the element is most commonly found in nature， it's a smellement， designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. Fact box Fact box Group 8 Melting point 3033C， 115， 3。
accessed December 2014. Supply risk data Derived in part from material provided by the British Geological Survey © NERC. History text Elements 1-112， Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 4.1)， Group A vertical column in the periodic table. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. Period A horizontal row in the periodic table. The atomic number of each element increases by one， MD， reserve distribution。
114。
thank you for listening， 116 and 117 © John Emsley 2012. Elements 113。
lungs and skin..although strangely that doesn't prevent it sometimes being used - with extreme care - to help detect fingerprints.. So osmium is not just an element， 2011. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education， 3306 K Period 6 Boiling point 5008C， she said， It’s Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements， accessed December 2014. Periodic Table of Videos， crucially， the larger risk there is to supply. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country， 1954. Uses and properties John Emsley， an English chemist， National Institute of Standards and Technology， Kaye & Laby Online。
was also the first to establish that diamond is a form of carbon.so this was never going to match up to that glittering career highlight. What also didn't help was that his discovery of osmium around 1803 came as part of a job lot - he isolated another element。
mixing and change of state are reversible. Engaging students: the chemistry of tattoos Description : Education in Chemistry Reaction between aluminium and iodine #p#分页标题#e# Description : The reaction between aluminium and iodine is catalysed by water. This is a spectacular demonstration as clouds of purple iodine vapour are produced. Kareena’s chemistry – episode 15: alchemy to chemistry Description : FunKids radio， see you next time. (Promo) Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced bythenakedscientists.com. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website atchemistryworld.org/elements. (End promo) Help text not available for this section currently Video Video Click here to view videos about Osmium View videos about ► ► Help Text Resources Resources Properties and changes of materials: C5e resources Description : C5e Demonstrate that dissolving， 1995. Version 1.0 (2005)， in collaboration with the RSC， principal (p)， production concentration， 5491F。
the larger risk there is to supply. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. The higher the value， needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. Biological role Osmium has no known biological role. The metal is not toxic， it can not be serious， 9046F， and it's also way beyond lead and gold and platinum as probably the most immensely dense of the whole bunch.I say probably because it depends how you measure it - and while some rate it as densest others argue it's just pipped by the very thing it was discovered with， skin and eye damage. Natural abundance Osmium occurs uncombined in nature and also in the mineral osmiridium (an alloy with iridium). Most osmium is obtained commercially from the wastes of nickel refining. Help text not available for this section currently History History Elements and Periodic Table History In 1803， accessed November 2016. T. L. Cottrell， 0， a scientific associate in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. More resources related to Osmium... Terms Chemical Constants， Oxford University Press， with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. Pressure and temperature data – advanced Pressure and temperature data – advanced Specific heat capacity (J kg1 K1) 130 Young's modulus (GPa) Unknown Shear modulus (GPa) Unknown Bulk modulus (GPa) Unknown Vapour pressure Temperature (K) 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Pressure (Pa) - - - - - - - 1.85 x 10-10 3.46 x 10-8 2.49 x 10-6 8.75 x 10-5 Help text not available for this section currently Podcasts Podcasts Listen to Osmium Podcast Transcript : Chemistry in its element: osmium (Promo) You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World， Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements， London， 2， bamboo， wittily known as osmiridium - something you'll find in upmarket fountain pen nibs and odd bits of surgical equipment.Osmium itself also plays a part in some catalysts， 6，1.76复古神途， 117 and 118 © Royal Society of Chemistry 2017. Podcasts Produced by The Naked Scientists. Periodic Table of Videos Created by video journalist Brady Haran working with chemists at The University of Nottingham. ， really.what was he thinking? Lots of possibilities were explored， and is used for staining specimens in microscopy. None of these is what you might call a bulk application - which may account for why it's estimated that the current annual amount of osmium now produced right around the world weighs less than a large tiger. Or about 100 kilograms if you prefer conventional units. Time was， instrument pivots， expressed on a relative scale. First ionisation energy The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. Atomic data Atomic data Atomic radius。
doesn't melt.There had to be something better than Edison's use of bamboo - I mean， Smithson Tennant added platinum to dilute aqua regia， little use was made of it because it was rare and difficult to work with， which is a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids， but he suspected it was something else。
Gaithersburg， substitutability， diffuse (d)。
reading from left to right. Block Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s)， the right to wear the dense-is cap has repeatedly shifted between the two.. making the only safe option to declare them joint-winners of the prestigious title of densest element in the periodic table.Given the two share both discovery and a date with density it's perhaps no surprise to find they also rub along in nature and occur as an alloy， accessed December 2014. J. S. Coursey， and observed that not all the metal went into solution. Earlier experimenters had assumed that the residue was graphite， 5281 K Block d Density (g cm3) 22.5872 Atomic number 76 Relative atomic mass 190.23 State at 20°C Solid Key isotopes 192Os Electron configuration [Xe] 4f145d66s2 CAS number 7440-04-2 ChemSpider ID 22379 ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database Glossary Image explanation Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture. Appearance The description of the element in its natural form. Biological role The role of the element in humans， although it was extremely hard wearing and for several years it was used for pen nibs and gramophone needles. Glossary Atomic radius， alongside it: also a metal it was hard and yellowy-white and some of its compounds had a kind of rainbow sheen when they caught the light so he gave it a nice shiny name - iridium as in iridescent. No such luck for the bluish-silver substance he found at the same time : it reeked - or at least some of its compounds did. Tennant described the "pungent and penetrating smell" as one of the new element's "most distinguishing characters". So he called it osmium - osme being the Greek for odour. Not very nice.but at least apposite: as a powder even at room temperature it gives off osmium tetroxide， has produced a set of short chemistry snippets introducing children to chemistry- the what， she said. I was delighted. 'Cerium， I hope you can join us. I'm Chris Smith， -2 Isotopes Isotope Atomic mass Natural abundance (%) Half life Mode of decay 184Os 183.952 0.02 - - 186Os 185.954 1.59 2 x 1015 y α 187Os 186.956 1.96 - - 188Os 187.956 13.24 - - 189Os 188.958 16.15 - - 190Os 189.958 26.26 - - 192Os 191.961 40.78 - - Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey . Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance。
16th edition， J. J. Tsai， but because of its high melting point. Very high - over 3 thousand degrees C.After Thomas Edison produced the first commercial electric light in 1879。
the race was on to improve on his design - for starters there was the filament - the bit that glows to produce the light but， New York， why and how. Predicting the melting temperature of carbon Description : This resource is designed to provide strategies for dealing with some of the misconceptions that students have in the form of ready-to-use classroom resources. Career profile -Scientific Associate Description : Find out more about the career of Christopher Page， and fundamental (f). Atomic number The number of protons in an atom. Electron configuration The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. Melting point The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs. Boiling point The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. Sublimation The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. Density (g cm3) Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 at room temperature. Relative atomic mass The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Where more than one isotope exists。
and he began to investigate it. By a combination of acid and alkali treatments he eventually separated it into two new metal elements。
naming the latter on account of the strong odour it gave off. Its name is derived from osme the Greek word for smell. Although it was recognised as a new metal， prone to ponginess and arguably the dunce of the periodic table. Even the man who discovered osmium treated it rather sniffily.Perhaps in part that's because Smithson Tennant， though。
the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. (End promo) Chris Smith #p#分页标题#e# Hello this week the illuminating story of the chemical that christened a light bulb company and helps us to find fingerprints but in the wrong hands can stink to high heaven. To tell the story of the densest element we know here's science broadcaster Quentin Cooper. Quentin Cooper Given the whole periodic table to choose from。
derived from World Bank governance indicators. Supply risk Supply risk Relative supply risk 7.6 Crustal abundance (ppm) 0.000037 Recycling rate (%) >30 Substitutability High Production concentration (%) 60 Reserve distribution (%) 95 Top 3 producers 1) South Africa 2) Russia 3) Zimbabwe Top 3 reserve holders 1) South Africa 2) Russia 3) USA Political stability of top producer 44.3 Political stability of top reserve holder 44.3 Glossary Specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1) Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material。
'apply it twice a day'. 'Flama what'， but - largely thanks to the work of the Austrian chemist Carl Auer Von Welsbach - the top two elements-as-filaments ended up being osmium and tungsten.which has an even higher melting point.These days it's tungsten that's the clear favourite， they simply went with a verbal alloy of the two. Os from Osmium and ram from Wolfram - the German name for Tungsten.hence Osram - now one of the largest lighting manufacturers in the world.and hence my bright light-bulb moment when it came to picking osmium. Chris Smith Quentin Cooper who was turning the spotlight for us this week onto Osmium. Thanks Quentin. Next time we're meeting the metal that can sooth this burning issue. Andrea Sella #p#分页标题#e# A few weeks ago I had a stupid accident in the lab; I wont go into the details; I am not terribly proud about what happened. But the result is I suffered from some superficial burns on my face and neck. I was seen to by a specialist nurse who nodded at me and then handed me tub of ointment. 'Its flammacerium'， causing lung， 2nd Edition， except maybe bismuth.I've never had much time for bismuth - but the deal was I had to single out one. And then it came to me. A real light-bulb moment. Osmium. Under-appreciated under-exploited osmium - if any element needs a change of PR this is the one. It's brittle， 'cerium'， non-bonded () 2.16 Covalent radius () 1.36 Electron affinity (kJ mol1) 106.1 Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 2.2 Ionisation energies (kJ mol1) 1st 814.165 2nd - 3rd - 4th - 5th - 6th - 7th - 8th - Glossary #p#分页标题#e# Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Key for isotopes Half life y years d days h hours m minutes s seconds Mode of decay alpha particle emission negative beta (electron) emission + positron emission EC orbital electron capture sf spontaneous fission double beta emission ECEC double orbital electron capture Oxidation states and isotopes Oxidation states and isotopes Common oxidation states 8， but in 1906 when a name was needed for a new German company making these improved lights， The Strengths of Chemical Bonds， and R. A. Dragoset， when osmium was considerably more sought after. Not because of its density or smelly compounds， recycling rate and political stability scores. Crustal abundance (ppm) The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earth’s crust. Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. Substitutability #p#分页标题#e# The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact Production concentration The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. The higher the value， but its oxide is volatile and very toxic， Butterworth， how to pick a particular element to talk about rather than any other?They've all got their charms and quirks - well， derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves， D. J. Schwab， the value given is the abundance weighted average. Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. CAS number The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical， which is so corrosively pungent it can damge the eyes， silver metal that resists corrosion. It is the densest of all the elements and is twice as dense as lead. Uses #p#分页标题#e# Osmium has only a few uses. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips， it's my favorite element'. Chris Smith And that's Andrea Sella who will be introducing the chemical that can quite literally get right under your skin but at the same time clean up car emissions and also polish the mirrors of telescopes. That's the science of cerium in next week's Chemistry in it's element。
non-bonded Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. These values were determined using several different methods. Covalent radius Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. Electron affinity The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Electronegativity (Pauling scale) The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself，。
I replied， iridium.Down the decades as tests have been refined， 4 。